摘要
电池材料是电化学储能技术的核心，其性能直接影响电池的能量密度、功率密度、循环寿命和安全性。随着电动汽车和可再生能源的快速发展，对高性能电池材料的需求日益迫切。本文系统综述了电池材料化学的研究进展，涵盖锂离子电池材料、钠离子电池材料、固态电池材料、有机电极材料、燃料电池催化剂材料等主要方向。在此基础上，深入分析了正极材料、负极材料、电解质材料的结构调控策略与性能优化方法，探讨了中熵工程、碳网络构建、氢键化学等新型设计理念的应用。研究表明，当前电池材料研究呈现出高能量密度化、高安全性化、长循环寿命化、绿色可持续化的发展趋势。富锂锰基正极、硅碳负极、固态电解质、有机电极材料等取得了重要突破，人工智能辅助材料设计和绿色回收技术成为新的研究方向。未来应加强材料结构-性能构效关系的基础研究，推动新型电池材料的实用化进程。
关键词： 电池材料；锂离子电池；钠离子电池；固态电池；正极材料；负极材料
Abstract
Battery materials are at the core of electrochemical energy storage technology, and their performance directly affects the energy density, power density, cycle life, and safety of batteries. With the rapid development of electric vehicles and renewable energy, the demand for high-performance battery materials is becoming increasingly urgent. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in battery materials chemistry, covering major directions such as lithium-ion battery materials, sodium-ion battery materials, solid-state battery materials, organic electrode materials, and fuel cell catalyst materials. On this basis, it deeply analyzes the structural regulation strategies and performance optimization methods of cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolyte materials, and explores the application of new design concepts such as medium-entropy engineering, carbon network construction, and hydrogen bond chemistry. Research shows that current battery materials research presents development trends of high energy density, high safety, long cycle life, and green sustainability. Significant breakthroughs have been achieved in lithium-rich manganese-based cathodes, silicon-carbon anodes, solid-state electrolytes, and organic electrode materials, with artificial intelligence-assisted materials design and green recycling technologies becoming new research directions. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen fundamental research on the structure-performance relationship of materials and promote the practical application of new battery materials.
Key words： Battery materials; Lithium-ion batteries; Sodium-ion batteries; Solid-state batteries; Cathode materials; Anode materials
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